Research on green coal mining strategy in Hedong Coalfield based on resource and geological environment characteristic
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摘要: 河东煤田位于黄河中游吕梁山西麓的晋西黄土高原地区，是我国重要的炼焦煤产地，也是水土流失和生态脆弱区、地质灾害频发区、岩溶大泉分布区。通过对河东煤田资源和地质环境特征的分析，发现河东煤田中部离柳矿区稀缺炼焦煤保有资源量占比河东煤田稀缺炼焦煤总量的70.8%，但开发强度高于煤田平均值，应从战略上重视离柳矿区的稀缺炼焦煤资源，进行保护性与节约式开采；河东煤田薄煤层占煤田煤层总厚的17.0%，离柳和石隰矿区薄煤层占其煤层总厚的近25.0%，应重视河东煤田薄煤层的开发，尤其是中部离柳矿区和石隰矿区的薄层炼焦煤资源，提高煤炭资源采收率；河东煤田地区采煤时，可充分利用当地的黄土资源与煤炭开采产生的煤矸石等材料大力发展充填开采，以减少地表的黄土滑坡与崩塌地质灾害与水土流失；河东煤田下伏奥陶系峰峰组上部地层具有一定的隔水性，充分评价和利用峰峰组上部地层的富水性和隔水性能，可大幅提高煤炭采收率的同时最大限度地减少采煤引发的地下岩溶水资源破坏，保护岩溶大泉。河东煤田是黄河中游重要的能源基地和黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展国家战略的主战场。煤炭绿色开采技术能够实现河东煤田煤炭开发利用最优化和生态环境影响最小化，未来发展前景及应用价值巨大，需要多专业多学科共同参与。Abstract: Hedong Coalfield is located in the Loess Plateau of western Shanxi province at the western foot of the Lvliang Mountains in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. It is an important coking coal producing area, with severe soil erosion, fragile ecological environment, frequent occurrence of geological disasters and karst spring distribution in China. Through the analysis of resource and geological environment characteristics of Hedong Coalfield, it is found that the scarce coking coal reserves in Liliu mining area in the middle of the coalfield account for 70.8% of the total reserves. But its development intensity is higher than the average value of the coalfield. We should strategically pay attention to the scarce coking coal resources in Liliu mining area, and carry out protective and economical mining approach. The thin coal seams in Hedong Coalfield make up 17.0% of the total coal seam thickness, and those in Liliu and Shixi mining areas make up nearly 25.0% of the total thickness in the mining area. The development of thin coal seams in Hedong Coalfield, especially the thin coking coal in the central part of Liliu and Shishi Mining Areas, should be emphasized to improve the coal recovery rate. It is possible to make full use of local loess resources, gangue and other materials from coal mining to develop filling mining, reducing the geological disasters of surface loess landslides and collapses on the surface, and soil erosion. The upper stratum of the Ordovician Fengfeng Formation beneath the Hedong Coalfield has a certain degree of water resistance. Fully evaluating and utilizing its water-rich and water-resistant properties can greatly increase the coal recovery rate, at the same time, minimize the damage to the underground karst water caused by coal mining, so as to protect the karst springs. Hedong Coalfield is an important energy base in the middle reaches of the Yellow River and the main battlefield of a major national strategy for ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin. Green mining technology is favorable to the optimization of coal development and utilization, and minimization of ecological and environmental impacts. Therefore, it has great prospects for future development and application, and requires the joint participation of multiple disciplines.
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图 1 河东煤田地理位置与矿区分布
Fig. 1 Geographical location and mining area distribution of Hedong Coalfield
表 1 河东煤田煤炭资源总量和稀缺炼焦煤资源
Table 1 Total coal resources and scarce coking coal in Hedong Coalfield
分类 河东总量/亿t 占比河东煤田/% 占比山西/% 占比全国/% 资源总量 579.61 100 21.4 3.7 炼焦用煤 430.97 74.4 27.6 14.7 稀缺炼焦煤 276.67 47.8 35.0 17.6 焦煤、肥煤 153.95 26.6 34.7 20.3 非炼焦用煤 148.64 25.6 13.0 1.20 
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表 2 河东煤田不同矿区煤类及资源分布
Table 2 Coal types and distribution in different mining areas of Hedong Coalfield
煤类 资源总量/亿t 河保偏/亿t 离柳/亿t 石隰/亿t 乡宁/亿t 占全省比例/% 瘦煤 81.89 33.35 48.54 37.9 焦煤 131.5 106.65 24.85 48.2 1/3焦煤 40.83 3.72 34.23 0.28 2.60 27.8 肥煤 22.45 21.63 0.40 0.42 16.0 气煤 154.30 77.00 77.30 31.0 贫煤 47.45 9.02 38.43 10.6 无烟煤 14.51 14.51 2.6 长焰煤 53.55 53.55 24.0
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表 3 河东煤田不同矿区可采煤层分布
Table 3 Distribution of mineable coal seams in different mining areas of Hedong Coalfield
矿区 区块 可采煤层数 可采煤层总厚/m 可采薄煤层 中厚以上可采煤层 煤层数 总厚/m 煤层数 总厚/m 河保偏 河曲区 5 27.05 0 0 5 27.05 保德区 6 20.52 0 0 6 20.52 兴县区 5 19.23 0 0 5 19.23 离柳 临县北区 6 18.20 3 2.20 3 16.00 临县南区 5 13.47 1 0.80 4 12.67 柳林北区 8 16.19 5 4.89 3 11.30 柳林南区 7 13.22 4 3.29 3 9.93 石隰 离石区 5 9.16 3 3.03 2 6.13 石楼区 7 11.63 3 2.90 4 8.73 隰县区 4 7.58 2 1.83 2 5.75 蒲县区 7 10.81 4 3.33 3 7.48 乡宁 乡宁北区 3 7.48 1 0.80 2 6.68 吉县区 3 8.47 1 0.80 2 7.67 乡宁南区 3 8.47 1 0.80 2 7.67 乡宁西区 5 11.12 3 2.58 2 8.54 合计 79 202.60 31 27.25 48 175.35 注：薄煤层是指地下开采时小于1.3 m的煤层和露天开采时小于3.5 m的煤层[9]。
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表 4 河东煤田已勘查区煤炭资源开发利用占比
Table 4 Proportion of coal resource development and utilization in the explored areas of Hedong Coalfield
单位: % 煤炭矿区 已勘查地区面积 保有资源储量 煤矿占用资源量 已开发 未开发 已占用 未利用 已占用 未利用 河保偏 43 57 47 53 35 65 离柳 42 58 47 53 38 62 石隰 0 100 0 100 0 100 乡宁 29 71 33 67 29 71 河东煤田平均值 36 64 43 57 35 65 全省平均值 45 55 52 48 41 59
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表 5 河东煤田所在的晋西地区地质灾害特征
Table 5 Characteristics of geological hazards in Western Shanxi
分类 面积/万km2 地质灾害总数/起 崩塌 滑坡 泥石流 地面塌陷及其他 灾害点密度/(个·km–2) 晋西 2.14 1 964 1 423 211 33 297 0.092 全省 15.63 11 425 6 235 1 263 676 3 251 0.073 占全省比例/% 14 17 23 17 5 9 126
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表 6 河东煤田2003年以来黄土崩滑地质灾害
Table 6 Geological disasters of loess collapse and landslide in Hedong Coalfield since 2003
日期 时间 地点 灾害类型 受灾地 死亡人数 2003-10-15 — 离石市红眼川乡霍家坡煤矿 山体滑坡 生活区 9 2005-05-09 23:00 吉县城南桥南村水洞沟自然村 黄土崩塌 窑洞 24 2007-03-04 01:40 蒲县蒲城镇桃湾村 黄土塌方 窑洞 2 2007-04-22 11:30 河津市下化乡半坡村 黄土崩塌 办公楼 12 2008-06-13 10:20 离石西属巴街道办上安村 黄土崩塌 厂房 19 2008-07-05 09:15 柳林县成家庄镇石家峁村 黄土滑坡 5间平房 6 2008-07-10 00:30 临县刘家会镇前柏塔村 黄土滑坡 8孔窑洞 5 2009-11-16 10:40 中阳县张予乡张家咀茅火梁 黄土崩塌 窑洞 23 2013-07-30 0:30 临泉镇都督村外环路 黄土崩塌 活动板房 3 2014-08-18 — 临县招贤镇水源村 黄土崩塌 道路 2 2015-05-19 20:27 临县兔坂镇移民新村 黄土崩塌 33间房屋 7 2016-07-17 23:00 临县雷家碛乡后寨山沟村 黄土崩塌 2孔窑洞 2 2016-08-14 13:15 临县高速龙王庙隧道出口 黄土崩塌 隧道口 2 2018-04-30 0:57 离石区枣林乡彩家庄南沟 黄土崩塌 房屋 9 2019-03-15 18:05 乡宁县枣岭乡 黄土滑坡 多栋建筑物 20 2020-05-03 凌晨 临泉镇胜利坪村风峪沟南山 黄土滑坡 1栋6层楼房 0 注：数据来源为文献[15]和公开报道，“—”为发生时间未知。
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表 7 河东煤田岩溶大泉泉域面积和下组煤带压区
Table 7 Areas of karst springs and lower coal belt pressure zones in Hedong Coalfield
泉域名称 带压区/km2 泉域面积/km2 带压区占比/% 天桥泉 808 10 192 8 柳林泉 1 595 6 002 27 龙子祠泉 23.5 2 250 1
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