“煤系气地质与勘探开发”专题 编者按:
受煤层气长期低效开采工作的延伸和天然气勘探开发领域不断拓展双驱动，煤系页岩气及煤系“三气”综合勘探初见成效。勘探开发煤系气具有安全、能源、环保三重效益，同时也是实现碳达峰、碳中和目标的重要举措。紧跟行业典型区块成功开发案例，围绕煤系气地质条件和资源潜力综合评价、甜点区优选、勘探开发关键技术等主题方向，遴选相关论文集中发表，以期促进同行交流和类似区块煤系气勘探开发技术进展。
Characteristics of the shale gas reservoirs and evaluation of sweet spots in Wufeng Formation and Longmaxi Formation in Jingmen exploration area
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摘要: 为进一步明确荆门探区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气资源潜力，优选甜点层段，以X井五峰组–龙马溪组一段页岩为主要研究对象，利用干酪根薄片、X衍射、核磁共振、微纳米CT扫描及地化分析等多种测试手段，结合测井解释成果，从岩石学、有机地球化学、矿物组成、孔隙类型及结构、物性及含气性等方面，系统评价五峰组—龙一段各小层储层特征，以优选甜点层段。结果表明：五峰组—龙一段以硅质页岩为主，主要形成于深水陆棚相还原环境，优质页岩段页岩气品质较高，有机地化特征优越；多手段测试孔隙率与渗透率均具有正相关特征，饱和水页岩核磁共振T2谱可分为2类5型，不同类型T2谱所反映的页岩孔径分布特征具有差异性，孤立孔主要存在于小于2 nm的微孔中，占比非常小；基于储层特征评价，优选出龙一$_1^1$—龙一$_1^2$小层为一类储层，五峰组上段和龙一$_1^3$小层为二类储层，龙一$_1^4$小层为三类储层，富碳高硅页岩段的五峰组上段—龙一$_1^3$小层(厚度约17.7 m)为页岩气甜点层段，研究成果可为荆门探区页岩气勘探开发确定水平井的靶体层段提供参考依据。Abstract: In order to further clarify the resource potential of shale gas from Wufeng Formation to Longmaxi Formation in Jingmen exploration area, sweet spots were selected. The shale in Wufeng Formation and 1th Member of Longmaxi Formation of the well X was taken as the research object in this study. Using sliced kerogen, X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, micro nano CT scanning, geochemical analysis and other testing methods, combined with logging interpretation results, based on the petrology, organic geochemical and mineral composition, physical properties, pore types and structure characteristics and hydrocarbon content, the reservoir characteristics of Wufeng-1th Member of the Longmaxi Formation were evaluated, and the longitudinal shale gas sweet spots were optimized. The results show that: (1) Wufeng-1th Member of the Longmaxi Formation is mainly composed of siliceous shale mainly forming the reduction environments in the deep shelf facies. The natural gas in the high-quality shale section has high natural gas quality and excellent organic geochemical characteristics; (2) There is a positive correlation between porosity and permeability measured by various methods. The NMR T2 spectrum of water -saturated shale can be divided into 2 types and 5 types. The pore size distribution of shale reflected by different types of T2 spectrum is different. The isolated pores mainly exist in micropores smaller than 2 nm, which accounts for a very small proportion; (3) Based on the comprehensive evaluation of reservoir characteristics Long $_1^1$- Long $_1^2$ layer were selected as type I reservoir, the upper Wufeng Formation and Long $_1^3$ layers were classified as type Ⅱ reservoirs, and Long $_1^4$ layer as type Ⅲ reservoir. The upper Wufeng Formation-Long13 small layer (about 17.7 m thick) namely carbon-rich high silicon shale section is a shale gas sweet spot. The research results can provide a reference for determining the horizontal well target segments for shale gas exploration and development in Jingmen exploration area.
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图 1 荆门探区X井五峰组-龙一段综合柱状图
Fig. 1 Comprehensive profiles of Wufeng Formation and the 1th Member of Longmaxi Formation of well X in Jingmen exploration area
图 2 X井五峰组-龙一段矿物质量分数分布
Fig. 2 Mineral content distribution of Wufeng Formation and the 1th Member of Longmaxi Formation of the well X
图 3 荆门页岩气探区五峰组-龙一段页岩照片
Fig. 3 Pictures of shale in Wufeng Formation and the 1th Member of Longmaxi Formation of the Jingmen shale gas exploration area
图 4 荆门页岩气探区五峰组-龙一段干酪根显微组分(埋深3 122.89 m，层位为龙一$_1^1$)
Fig. 4 Pictures of kerogen macerals from Wufeng Formation and the 1th Member of Longmaxi Formation in Jingmen exploration area
图 6 页岩样品显微CT图像的伪彩色增强
Fig. 6 Pseudo color enhancement from micro CT images in shale samples
图 7 X井核磁孔隙率与渗透率关系
Fig. 7 Relationship between nuclear magnetic porosity and permeability in well X
图 8 X井气测孔隙率与渗透率随深度变化
Fig. 8 Variation of porosity and permeability with depth in gas logging of well X
图 9 X井测井孔隙率与渗透率随深度关系
Fig. 9 Relationship between logging porosity and permeability with depth in well X
图 10 X井实测含气量与埋藏深度的关系
Fig. 10 Relationship between shale gas content and burial depth in well X
图 11 X井页岩TOC与含气量关系
Fig. 11 Relationship between TOC and gas content of shale in well X
图 12 X井页岩气组分与埋藏深度的关系
Fig. 12 Relationship between gas components and burial depth of well X
表 1 荆门探区X井五峰组－龙一段页岩矿物组成
Table 1 Mineral composition of Wufeng Formation and the 1th Member of Longmaxi Formation of the well X in Jingmen exploration area
层位 脆性矿物质量分数/% 黏土矿物总质量
分数/%黏土矿物成分相对质量分数/% 脆性指数 石英 钾长石 斜长石 方解石 白云石 黄铁矿 伊利石 高岭石 绿泥石 伊/蒙混层 龙一$_1^4$ $ \tfrac{{25.7{\text{~}}37.3}}{{34.8(22)}} $ - $ \tfrac{{8.5{\text{~}}11.5}}{{10.6(22)}} $ $ \tfrac{{0.8{\text{~}}6.8}}{{2.8(3)}} $ $ \tfrac{{2.7{\text{~}}4.4}}{{3.5(2)}} $ $ \tfrac{{1.7{\text{~}}7.1}}{{2.7(22)}} $ $ \tfrac{{42.1{\text{~}}55.3}}{{51.1(22)}} $ $ \tfrac{{29{\text{~}}50}}{{38(22)}} $ - $ \tfrac{{22{\text{~}}34}}{{34(22)}} $ $ \tfrac{{18{\text{~}}41}}{{34(22)}} $ $ \tfrac{44.7~57.9} {49.0} $ 龙一$ _1^3 $ $ \tfrac{{35.3{\text{~}}49.5}}{{42.7(6)}} $ - $ \tfrac{{5.3{\text{~}}13.6}}{{10.0(6)}} $ $ \tfrac{{0.5{\text{~}}2.5}}{{1.4(4)}} $ $ \tfrac{{3.8{\text{~}}12.8}}{{7.8(6)}} $ $ \tfrac{{4.1{\text{~}}20.4}}{{8.2(6)}} $ $ \tfrac{{27.0{\text{~}}38.5}}{{30.5(6)}} $ $ \tfrac{{33{\text{~}}41}}{{37(6)}} $ $ \tfrac{{3{\text{~}}5}}{{4(5)}} $ $ \tfrac{{7{\text{~}}15}}{{11(6)}} $ $ \tfrac{{41{\text{~}}55}}{{49(6)}} $ $ \tfrac{61.5~73.0}{69.5} $ 龙一$_1^2$ $ \tfrac{{34.0{\text{~}}52.4}}{{43.4(5)}} $ - $ \tfrac{{6.6{\text{~}}9.8}}{{8.6(5)}} $ $ \tfrac{{1.1{\text{~}}2.5}}{{1.9(4)}} $ $ \tfrac{{7.1{\text{~}}16.2}}{{9.8(5)}} $ $ \tfrac{{4.5{\text{~}}16.4}}{{8.5(5)}} $ $ \tfrac{{21.9{\text{~}}32.3}}{{28.1(5)}} $ $ \tfrac{{30{\text{~}}41}}{{36(5)}} $ $ \tfrac{{2{\text{~}}7}}{{4(5)}} $ $ \tfrac{{5{\text{~}}13}}{{9(5)}} $ $ \tfrac{{42{\text{~}}63}}{{51(5)}} $ $ \tfrac{67.7~78.1}{71.9} $ 龙一$_1^1$ $ \tfrac{{13.2{\text{~}}62.6}}{{37.9(2)}} $ - $ \tfrac{{2.2{\text{~}}6.2}}{{4.2(2)}} $ $ \tfrac{{1.9{\text{~}}2.4}}{{2.2(2)}} $ $ \tfrac{{11.1{\text{~}}17.3}}{{14.2(2)}} $ 7.9(1) $ \tfrac{{22.2{\text{~}}50.5}}{{36.4(2)}} $ $ \tfrac{{42{\text{~}}46}}{{44(2)}} $ 5(1) $ \tfrac{{7{\text{~}}13}}{{10(2)}} $ $ \tfrac{{40{\text{~}}47}}{{44(2)}} $ $ \tfrac{49.5~77.8}{63.7} $ 五峰组 $ \tfrac{{18.7{\text{~}}67.6}}{{41.2(5)}} $ 1.4(1) $ \tfrac{{2.6{\text{~}}6.5}}{{5.7(5)}} $ $ \tfrac{{1.0{\text{~}}16.1}}{{4.9(5)}} $ $ \tfrac{{2.7{\text{~}}3.1}}{{13.3(5)}} $ $ \tfrac{{1.8{\text{~}}4.8}}{{3.0(5)}} $ $ \tfrac{{24.3{\text{~}}44.4}}{{33.9(5)}} $ $ \tfrac{{27{\text{~}}40}}{{34(5)}} $ - $ \tfrac{{9{\text{~}}21}}{{17(5)}} $ $ \tfrac{{41{\text{~}}64}}{{49(5)}} $ $ \tfrac{55.56~75.7}{66.1} $ 注：$ \tfrac{{25.7{\text{~}}37.3}}{{34.8(22)}} $表示最小~最大值/平均值(样品数)，其他数据同；5.0(1)表示仅有一个样品检出；仅在龙一$_1^1$一块样品检出锐钛矿，质量分数为2.5%。 
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表 2 X井页岩岩心物性测试成果
Table 2 Test results of the physical properties of the shale cores in well X
样品编号 层位 深度/m 岩心核磁孔隙率测试结果 气测孔隙率/% CT孔隙率/% 脉冲衰减法渗透率/10–7 μm2 含气饱和度% 含水饱和度% 核磁孔隙率% 饱和水状态 渗透率/10–8 μm2 可动流体
饱和度%束缚水
饱和度%X1 龙一2 3 051.05 99.64 0.36 3.82 15.34 84.66 69.911 X2 龙一2 3 065.48 99.08 0.92 1.44 8.98 91.02 0.418 0.068 X3 龙一2 3 080.40 95.99 4.01 1.84 13.21 86.79 2.656 0.124 XCT1 龙一2 3 081.25 2.15 X4 龙一2 3 086.65 93.62 6.38 1.69 23.88 76.12 8.028 0.080 0.604 X5 龙一$_1^4$ 3 090.39 95.45 4.55 1.32 10.81 89.19 0.446 X6 龙一$_1^4$ 3 096.88 92.82 7.18 2.83 13.80 86.20 16.440 X7 龙一$_1^4$ 3 101.28 92.65 7.35 2.88 18.04 81.96 33.330 X8 龙一$_1^4$ 3 104.58 96.12 3.88 1.41 22.77 77.23 3.436 X9 龙一$_1^4$ 3 109.30 90.37 9.63 0.92 26.60 73.40 0.941 0.172 XCT2 龙一 3 090.39 8.51 X10 龙一$_1^3$ 3 114.40 83.23 16.77 0.69 16.81 83.19 0.093 0.393 XCT3 龙一$_1^3$ 3 115.47 1.95 X11 龙一$_1^2$ 3 119.49 $_1^4$93.61 6.39 2.59 32.31 67.69 102.524 1.838 1 050.000 X12 五峰组 3 124.87 54.32 45.68 0.52 35.88 64.12 0.223 0.835 10.530 XCT4 五峰组 3 127.46 5.65 X13 五峰组 3 129.54 80.32 19.68 0.60 0.00 100.00 0 0.079 0.172 注：气测测试条件，测试气体为氮气、测试围压6.89 MPa、孔隙压力为1.38 MPa；核磁测试条件为饱和溶液矿化度2%，实验参考SY/T 6490-2000《岩样核磁共振参数实验室测量规范》进行。
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表 3 X井页岩储层分类标准
Table 3 Classification standards for shale reservoirs in well X
类别 地质条件 工程条件脆性指数 TOC/% 孔隙率/% 含气量/(m3·t–1) 有机质类型 有机质镜质体反射率/% 储层 一类 > 2.0 > 2.0 > 3 Ⅰ 1.2~3.0 > 60 二类 > 1.0~2.0 > 1.0~2.0 > 2~3 Ⅱ1、Ⅱ2 3.0~4.0 > 50~60 三类 0.5~1.0 0.5~1.0 1~2 Ⅲ > 4.0或 < 1.2 40~50 非储层 < 0.5 < 0.5 < 1.5 - - < 40
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表 4 X井页岩储层分类评价结果
Table 4 Evaluation results of shale reservoir classification in well X
层位 厚度/m TOC/% 有效孔隙率/% 含气量/(m3·t–1) 有机质成熟度平均值/% 有机质类型 脆性指数 储层分类 龙一$_1^4$ 24.9 0.13~2.67/0.72 0.92~2.88/1.87 0.06~2.58/0.84 2.56 Ⅰ–Ⅱ1 44.7~57.9/48.95 三 龙一$_1^3$ 6.1 0.76~4.35/3.41 0.69 2.58~4.20/3.26 2.68 Ⅰ 61.5~73.0/69.53 二 龙一$_1^2$ 4.6 3.1~6.79/4.88 2.59 3.51~3.90/3.71 2.46 Ⅰ 7.1~18.7/71.86 一 龙一$_1^1$ 2.1 0.2~4.62/2.85 - 3.55 2.77 Ⅰ–Ⅱ1 49.5~77.8/63.65 一 五峰上段 4.9 2.15~3.50/2.68 0.52 2.05~2.51/2.33 2.80 Ⅰ 60.5~75.7/67.37 二 五峰下段 1.7 0.31 0.60 0.43 - Ⅰ 55.6~72.9/64.25 非储层 注：表中0.13~2.67/0.72表示最小~最大值/平均值，其他同。
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