煤层气合采地质研究进展述评

郭晨; 秦勇; 易同生; 马东民; 王生全; 师庆民; 鲍园; 陈跃; 乔军伟; 卢玲玲

doi:10.12363/issn.1001-1986.21.10.0573

煤层气合采地质研究进展述评

doi: 10.12363/issn.1001-1986.21.10.0573

郭晨^{1, 2, 3,},
秦勇^4, ,,
易同生⁵,
马东民^{1, 2, 3},
王生全^{1, 2, 3},
师庆民^{1, 2, 3},
鲍园^{1, 2, 3},
陈跃^{1, 2},
乔军伟^{1, 2, 3},
卢玲玲⁶

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(42002195)；陕西省教育厅一般专项科学研究计划项目(20JK0752)；陕西省自然科学基础研究计划青年基金项目(2019JQ-192)

详细信息

第一作者:
郭晨，1988年生，男，山西晋城人，博士(后)，副教授，从事煤与煤层气(瓦斯)地质教学与科研工作. E-mail：makaay_@126.com

通信作者:
秦勇，1957年生，男，重庆人，博士，教授，博士生导师，从事煤系矿产资源与开发地质研究工作. E-mail：yongqin@cumt.edu.cn

中图分类号: P618.13
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-10-18
- 修回日期: 2021-12-01
- 发布日期: 2022-03-25
- 网络出版日期: 2022-03-30

Review of the progress of geological research on coalbed methane co-production

GUO Chen^{1, 2, 3
,},
QIN Yong^{4
, ,},
YI Tongsheng⁵,
MA Dongmin^{1, 2, 3},
WANG Shengquan^{1, 2, 3},
SHI Qingmin^{1, 2, 3},
BAO Yuan^{1, 2, 3},
CHEN Yue^{1, 2},
QIAO Junwei^{1, 2, 3},
LU Lingling⁶

摘要

摘要: 煤层气合采是提高多煤层区煤层气开发效率的重要途径，但成藏作用的特殊性决定合采方式与产能效果复杂多变，高效开发面临较大挑战。我国煤层气地质工作者围绕多煤层煤层气成藏与合采可行性开展大量基础研究与工程实践，取得丰富的阶段性成果，为深化煤层气开发地质理论、推动产业发展提供有力支撑。从叠置煤层气系统成藏机理、合采地质约束条件、合采可行性判识方法、合采储层伤害4个方面，系统分析评述我国煤层气合采地质领域的最新研究进展，以期为后续研究开展、工程实施与产业建设提供参考。主要认识可概括为：(1) 深化了叠置煤层气系统成藏的层序控气机理以及成岩作用与地应力的后期改造效应；构建了煤系地下水环境化学封闭指数，为判识含气系统叠置性及流体动力条件提供了新的参数，结合流体压力剖面识别出3类含气系统叠置地质模式(增长型、衰减型和稳定型)；进一步将叠置煤层气系统理念扩展到煤系气范畴，提出煤系复合储层叠置含气系统“共采兼容性”理论与方法体系，并应用于煤系气合采先导示范工程，取得初步应用成效；(2) 华北石炭−二叠系(太原−山西组)与黔西−滇东上二叠统(长兴−龙潭组)是煤层气合采研究与工程实践的热点区域(层域)，压力系统及渗透性差异是合采中最受关注的地质因素。华北山西组、太原组的水动力系统与供液能力差异是制约合采效果的重要因素，黔西−滇东地区合采煤层的最大层间跨度、累计煤厚、煤体结构受到更多关注，表层水干扰是制约织金区块煤层气合采效率的关键；(3) 产能分析、物理模拟、数值模拟、产出水地球化学分析是煤层气合采可行性与干扰判识的重要方法，提出了基于产出水地球化学解析合采井产出水源和判识干扰程度的基本思路、技术图版和评价流程及基于产能曲线分峰剥离的产层贡献分析方法，技术方法的不断成熟、创新为煤层气合采方案、工艺优化与效率提升提供了有力支撑；(4) 煤层气合采对地质条件与工程扰动更为敏感，易诱发储层伤害，涉及产层暴露诱发的贾敏效应与气锁伤害，压力系统与渗透性差异诱发的应力与速度敏感伤害。均一化储层改造、分压力系统开采(分时间或分空间)、精细化排采设计与管控是降低储层伤害的有效途径。
- 煤层气合采 /
- 地质研究进展 /
- 叠置含气系统 /
- 干扰判识 /
- 储层伤害 /
- 产出水 /
- 煤系气
Abstract: Coalbed methane (CBM) co-production is an important way to improve the efficiency of CBM development in multi-seam areas, but the special nature of reservoir formation makes the co-mining method and production effect complex and variable, which presents challenges for efficient development. Experts in the field of CBM from China have carried out a lot of basic research and engineering practice on CBM reservoir formation and the feasibility of co-production in multiple seams, which have gained fruitful results, providing strong support for deepening the CBM geological theory and promoting industrial development. To provide reference for subsequent research, engineering implementation and industrial construction, this paper systematically analyzes and reviews the latest research progress in the field of CBM co-production geology in China from four aspects: reservoir formation theory of stacked CBM systems; co-production geological constraints; co-production feasibility identification method; and co-production reservoir damage. The main understandings can be summarized as follows. (1) The sequence gas control mechanism of the accumulation of the stacked CBM systems and the later modification effect of rock formation and ground stress are deepened. The hydrogeochemical closed index of coal-measure groundwater environment is constructed, which provides a new parameter to identify the stacked gas-bearing systems and hydrodynamic conditions, and three types of stacked geological patterns of gas-bearing systems (growth type, decay type and stable type) are identified by using fluid pressure profiles. The concept of stacked CBM system is further extended to the category of coal measure gas, and the theory and method system of “co-mining compatibility” of stacked gas-bearing systems based on coal-measure composite reservoirs is proposed and applied to the pilot demonstration project of coal-measure gas co-production, which has a chieved preliminary results. (2) The Carboniferous-Permian (Taiyuan-Shanxi Formation) in North China and Late Permian (Changxing-Longtan Formation) in Western Guizhou and Eastern Yunnan are the hotspot areas for CBM co-production research and engineering practice, and the fluid pressure system and permeability differences are the most concerned geological factors in co-production. The difference in hydrodynamic conditions and fluid supply capacity of Shanxi Formation and Taiyuan Formation is an important factor limiting the CBM co-production in North China. The maximum inter-seam span, cumulative thickness, coal body structure of the coal seam in co-production in Western Guizhou and Eastern Yunnan have received more attention, and interference from shallow groundwater is the key restricting the efficiency of CBM co-production in the Zhijin Block. (3) Productivity analysis, physical simulation, numerical simulation, and geochemical analysis of produced water are important methods to identify the feasibility and interference of CBM co-production. The basic idea, technical template and evaluation process for analyzing the produced water source and identifying the degree of fluid interference in the co-production wells based on the geochemistry of produced water, as well as the production layer contribution analysis method based on the peaking and identification of the gas-production curve, have been proposed. The continuous maturity and innovation of technical methods provide strong support for the optimization and efficiency improvement of CBM co-production engineering. (4) CBM co-production is more sensitive to geological conditions and engineering disturbances, and is prone to induce reservoir damage, involving Jamin effect and airlock damage induced by production layer exposure, as well as stress-sensitive and velocity-sensitive damage induced by the pressure system and permeability differences. Homogenized reservoir reconstruction, separated-pressure system development (separated-time or separated-space), and refined drainage design and control are effective ways to reduce reservoir damage.
- CBM co-production /
- geological research progress /
- stacked gas-bearing system /
- interference discrimination /
- reservoir damage /
- produced-water /
- coal-measure gas

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图 1 黔西典型向斜含煤岩系地下水封闭指数质量控制

Fig. 1 Quality control diagram of the closed index of typical synclines in western Guizhou

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图 2 叠置煤层气系统三类地质模式

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of the three types of geological models of stacked CBM systems

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图 3 煤层气合采地质兼容性判识图版^[69]

Fig. 3 Template for discriminating geological compatibility of CBM co-production

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图 4 沁水盆地煤层气合层排采产出水来源交汇判识^[91]

Fig. 4 Intersecting apportionment plots of produced-water sources from co-producing CBM wells in Qinshui Basin

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图 5 黔西比德−三塘盆地煤层气井产能模式^[79]

Fig. 5 Productivity modes of CBM co-production wells in Bide-Santang Basin^[79]

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图 6 叠置煤层气系统产层组合与开发优化设计流程^[69]

Fig. 6 Production layer combination and development optimization process of stacked CBM systems^[69]

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表 1 部分研究者关于煤层气合采可行性阈值统计

Table 1 Statistics on the feasibility threshold of CBM co-production by some researchers

研究区		渗透率	储层压力(梯度) 差/(MPa·hm⁻¹)	临界解吸压力差/ MPa	供液能力差(产液量，m³/d)	顶底板岩性	含气量差/ (m³·t⁻¹)	单煤层厚度/m与结构	顶底板厚度/m	顶底板与煤层力学性质比	含气饱和度差/%	产气液面高度差/m	煤层间距/ m	最大跨度/ m
沁水盆地	南部樊庄区块^[8]	同一数量级	≤0.5			泥岩				>5(抗张强度)
	南部寺河矿区^[9]	相差不大	≤0.5		≤15							≤50
	北部寿阳区块^[42]	同一数量级	<0.3	<0.3	<5	泥岩、砂质泥岩			>2	>2(弹性模量)
	樊庄潘庄^[43]	差值≤1×10⁻³ μm²	<0.08	<0.9
	南部郑庄区块^[44]		套压≥0.2 MPa
鄂尔多斯盆地东缘	延川南区块^[45]	同一数量级	<1.2 MPa(压力梯度同一数量级)	<1.2	≤5	砂岩、泥岩		≥0.5	≥0.5	≥2(泊松比)			≥10
	吴堡矿区^[10]		同属一套水动力系统			泥岩等隔水层
	柳林区块^[11]	同一数量级	<1 MPa		<10	泥岩、弱含水砂岩	<8	≥0.5			<30
	临汾地区^[46]	同一数量级	<1 MPa(压力梯度同一数量级)		<5	砂岩、泥岩	<4			抗压强度差<5 MPa	<10
	大宁−吉县区块^[47]				差异大有利，且低产水层供液<3
	临兴区块^[48]		<启动压力梯度 (气水倒灌阈值)
黔西−滇东地区	滇东黔西某区块^[49]	同一数量级	≤0.5										>5
	黔西松河区块^[50]		<0.1					剔除构造煤						<100
	云南恩洪区块^[51]							>0.5(原生−碎裂结构煤)
	黔西−滇东地区^[52]		≤0.15	≤最上部煤层初始液柱压力				剔除碎粒煤、糜棱煤						依赖储层压力差
	黔西−滇东地区^[53]	据原始差异均衡改造	滇东高压、低压层比值：1.08					原生结构煤和碎裂煤			比值：黔280 滇120	<50	煤层累厚9 m	滇60黔100
其他地区	铁法盆地大兴井田^[54]		≤0.7									<70
其他地区	阜康白杨河矿区^[55]	相近	≤0.5	相近	相近	非含水层								较小
出现频次		10	16	5	7	7	2	6	2	4	3	3	3	4

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表 2 油气藏多层合采物理模拟研究成果统计

Table 2 Statistics of research on physical simulation of multi-layer co-production of oil and gas reservoirs

研究区	模拟类型	渗透率差(级差)	储层压力差	气井配产	接替方式	规律	合采层数	油气藏类型
青海涩北气田^[61]	三层合采	影响产层贡献，尤其早期	层间干扰，倒灌一般发生于早期	增大配产将降低低渗层的产量贡献率	低渗层接替高渗层	早期以高渗层贡献为主，后期低渗层逐渐被动用	≤4	疏松砂岩气藏
鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田^[57]	双层合采	影响产层贡献，尤其早期	屏蔽低压层		低渗层接替高渗层效果较好，接替点压力不宜过低	低渗层中后期产量贡献率上升		致密砂岩气藏
鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田^[62]	双层合采		层间干扰，倒灌发生于初期	增大初期配产有助于减小层间干扰	低压层接替高压层	控制层间初始压差		致密砂岩气藏
某区块^[63]	双层/三层合采，平板模型	影响产层贡献与最终采收率					层数越多，总体采出程度越低	特低渗油藏
四川盆地安岳气田^[58]	三层合采	产层贡献与总采收率			离边底水较近的井，不宜过早打开高渗层，可在开发后期补孔	高渗层前期贡献大，低渗层贡献主要在中后期		缝洞型碳酸盐岩气藏
某气田^[64]	双层合采		层间干扰，倒灌一般发生于初期	适当增加配产有利减小层间干扰				低渗气藏
中海油荔湾 3-1气田^[65]	三层合采					封闭边界条件下合采初期产量按各层地层系数进行分配，后期按地层储量比分配		凝析气藏
某气田^[66]	双层合采	影响产层贡献，尤其早期	影响产层贡献，但弱于渗透率的影响			渗透率差异越大，气藏合采的压力条件越苛刻		砂岩气藏
贵州金佳煤矿^[67]	四层合采，水平井		高压层抑制低压层，甚至产生倒灌		按储层压力由大到小递进排采	递进合采能抑制层间干扰，防止倒灌		煤层气藏
滇东老厂区块^[68]	双层合采	强烈影响产层贡献	主要影响上部产层产气贡献，差异越大，干扰越强					煤层气藏
黔西织金区块^[69]	双层合采	基于渗透率级差与压力差建立合采地质兼容性判识图版						煤层气藏

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