Present situation and technical research progress of coalbed methane surface development in coal mining areas of China
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摘要: 回顾了我国煤炭企业组织实施和合作开展的煤矿区煤层气勘探开发进程。经过三十多年攻坚克难、不懈努力，我国煤矿区煤层气地面开发技术研究、工程试验和产业发展均取得了可喜的成绩，不仅在山西晋城矿区首次取得国内外无烟煤的煤层气开发成功，实现了煤层气规模化商业化生产，而且在安徽淮北矿区取得了碎软低渗煤层顶板水平井开发煤层气技术的重大突破，实现了碎软低渗煤层的煤层气水平井单井的高产稳产；煤矿区采动区煤层气井开发在安徽淮北、淮南，山西晋城等矿区实现了规模化工程应用。同时，梳理总结了依托“十一五”—“十三五”国家科技重大专项项目，在煤矿区煤层气地面开发理论及技术研究方面取得的主要成果及其应用效果，包括：煤层气井密闭取心技术与设备、碎软低渗煤层地面煤层气垂直井强化增产技术、碎软低渗煤层顶板和煤层水平井分段压裂开发技术、多煤层分层控压合层排采技术、低煤阶低气含量煤层地面煤层气开发技术、煤层气井极小半径多孔旋转射流侧钻水平井技术，以及煤矿采动区煤层气产量预测技术等。在此基础上，根据全国煤矿区煤炭开采发展趋势和需求，提出今后煤矿区煤层气研究应重点关注3个方向：穿浅部采空区/采动区的深部煤层气与煤炭资源协调开发、低煤阶低气含量厚煤层矿区煤层气与煤炭资源协调开发和废弃/关闭矿井煤层气开发等。Abstract: The exploration and development process of coalbed methane (CBM) in coal mining areas, which was implemented under the organization and cooperation of the coal enterprises in China, was reviewed in this paper. After more than 30 years of hard work and unremitting efforts, gratifying achievements have been made in the research, engineering experiments and industrial development on CBM surface development technology, including the successful CBM development of anthracite coal in Jincheng mining area, Shanxi Province, for the first time at home and abroad, the largescale commercial production of CBM, the major breakthrough made in the CBM development technology by horizontal wells in the roof of broken soft coal seam with low permeability in Huaibei mining area, Anhui Province, and the high and stable production of CBM in single horizontal well of broken soft coal seam with low permeability production. Besides, CBM well development in the active mining area of coal mine has been developed as large-scale engineering application in Huaibei, Huainan, Jincheng and other mining areas. At the same time, the main achievements and application results of the theoretical and technical research on CBM surface development in coal mining areas based on the major national science and technology projects from the 11th to the 13th five-year plans were summarized, such as the technology and equipment of sealed coring for CBM well, the enhanced production technology of surface vertical CBM well in broken soft coal seam with low permeability, the staged fracturing development technology in the roof and horizontal well of broken soft coal seam with low permeability, the stratified pressure control and multilayer gas drainage technology in multi-seam, the development technology of surface CBM in low rank coal seam with low gas content, the multi-hole rotary jet sidetracking technology of horizontal CBM well with tight radius and the prediction technology of CBM production in active mining area of coal mine. On this basis, according to the coal mining development trend and demand in the coal mining areas in China, it is pointed out that the future CBM research in coal mining area should focus on the following three aspects: the coordinated development of deep CBM and coal resources by way of the shallow goaf and active mining area, the coordinated development of CBM and coal resources in thick low-rank coal mining area with low gas content, and the CBM development in the abandoned/closed mine.
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图 1 煤对H2O、CO2、CH4和N2吸附势能曲线
Fig. 1 Adsorption potential energy curves of coal for H2O, CO2, CH4 and N2
图 2 同一煤结构模型对不同气体的吸附势能
Fig. 2 Adsorption energy of same coal structure model for different gases
图 3 不同变质程度煤的甲烷吸附特征曲线
Fig. 3 Methane adsorption characteristic curves of coal in different ranks
图 4 基于某煤样30℃条件下等温吸附实验数据的t-p综合吸附模型预测的甲烷吸附曲线
Fig. 4 Methane adsorption curve predicted by t-p comprehensive adsorption model based on the isothermal adsorption test data of a coal sample at 30℃
图 5 煤层气损失气量模拟测试装置与测试结果
Fig. 5 Simulation test device and test results of gas loss of coalbed methane
图 7 安徽淮北芦岭煤矿4口直井产气曲线
Fig. 7 Gas production curves of 4 vertical wells in Luling coal mine, Huaibei mining area, Anhui Province
图 8 煤层顶板岩层水平井分段压裂高效开发煤层气技术模式
Fig. 8 Efficient development technology model of CBM by staged fracturing of horizontal well in roof strata of coal seam
图 9 碎软煤层水平井和碎软煤层顶板岩层水平井水力压裂数值模拟裂缝垂向剖面
Fig. 9 Vertical fracture profile of hydraulic fracturing numerical simulation of horizontal wells in broken soft coal seam and roof strata of broken soft coal seam
图 10 安徽芦岭煤矿LG01 水平井组井身结构垂向剖面
Fig. 10 Vertical profile of borehole structure of LG01 horizontal well group in Luling coal mine, Anhui Province
图 11 碎软低渗煤层顶板分段压裂水平井排采曲线
Fig. 11 Gas drainage curve of stage-fractured horizontal well in roof of broken soft coal seam with low permeability
图 12 非固井水平井油管+环空联合注入分段压裂模式与水平井液压定向喷射压裂工具
Fig. 12 Staged fracturing model of tubing + combined annulus injection in non-cementing horizontal wells and hydraulic directional jet fracturing tool of horizontal well
图 13 山西晋城矿区寺河矿15煤层水平井产气曲线
Fig. 13 Gas production curve of No.15 coal seam horizontal well in Sihe mine, Jincheng mining area, Shanxi Province
图 14 多煤层分层控压合层排采技术
Fig. 14 Stratified pressure control and multilayer gas drainage technology in multi-seam
图 15 陕西焦坪矿区4口垂直井产气特征
Fig. 15 Gas production characteristics of 4 vertical wells in Jiaoping mining area, Shaanxi Province
图 16 煤层气井极小半径多孔旋转射流侧钻水平井与关键部件及设备
Fig. 16 Multi-hole rotary jet sidetracked horizontal CBM well with tight radius, the key components and equipment of CBM well
图 17 安徽淮南矿区采动区地面井气产量与井位到回采工作面距离的关系
Fig. 17 Relationship between gas production of surface well and distance from well to working face in Huainan mining area, Anhui Province
图 18 煤矿采动区井煤层气抽采产能模拟软件
Fig. 18 Productivity simulation software for CBM wells gas drainage in active mining area
表 1 我国煤炭企业施工的煤矿区煤层气井统计数据
Table 1 Statistical data of CBM wells in coal mining areas constructed by coal enterprises in our country
序号 工程项目投资与
联合投资单位垂直井(丛式井)/口 水平井/口 顶板水平井/口(组) 采动区井/口 总井数/口 1 山西晋煤集团 4 919 545 1 10 5 475 2 山西潞安矿业集团 798 1 799 3 山西焦煤集团 688 19 76 783 4 山西阳煤集团 225 1 1 3 230 5 山西兰花集团 196 79 275 6 山西大同集团 120 120 7 辽宁铁法集团 40 138 178 8 河南能源集团 57 2 4 63 9 河南平煤神马集团 3 31 34 10 安徽淮南矿业集团 8 2 26 376 412 11 安徽淮北矿业集团 17 3 285 305 12 安徽皖北煤电集团 6 16 22 13 陕西陕煤彬长矿业集团 64 18 7 89 14 陕西陕煤铜川矿业公司 7 3 10 15 陕西陕煤韩城矿业公司 2 1 23 26 16 贵州煤炭企业 56 4 3 10 73 17 国能集团宁夏煤业公司 2 135 137 18 国能神东煤炭集团公司 2 2 19 重庆市能源投资集团 24 1 25 20 黑龙江龙煤集团 9 3 12 21 甘肃窑街煤电集团 26 1 27 合计 7 139 677 68 1 213 9 097 
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表 2 安徽淮北矿区芦岭煤矿5口直井压裂工程参数
Table 2 Fracturing engineering parameters of 5 vertical wells in Luling coal mine, Huaibei mining area, Anhui Province
井号 煤层 射孔厚度/m 实际支撑剂量/m3 实际砂比/% 压裂液伴注情况 投球压裂 中砂(425~850 μm) 粗砂(850~1 180 μm) 总砂量 WLG01 8+9 12.80 58+17 10+10 95 17.6+20.5 是 10 4.25 40 10 50 18.8 WLG02 8+9 10.00 48 20 68 18.3 否 10 3.71 40 10 50 14.6 WLG03 8+9 12.50 50+20 10+10 90 16.5+19.4 CO2伴注 是 10 5.85 30 10(陶粒) 40 17.3 WLG04 10 4.05 40 10 50 17.0 WLG05 8+9 12.19 40+25 10+10 85 17.8+22.3 N2伴注 是 10 3.50 42 11 53 14.0
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表 3 安徽芦岭煤矿LG01水平井分段压裂施工主要参数
Table 3 Staged fracturing engineering parameters of LG01 horizontal well in Luling coal mine, Huaibei mining area, Anhui Province
段序 实际量/m3 实际砂比/% 加砂完成率/% 液量 砂量 第1段 979 63.8 9.27 99.7 第2段 976 65.5 9.77 102.3 第3段 927 78.8 13.19 107.9 第4段 920 80.0 13.37 109.6 第5段 1019 86.9 12.48 108.8 第6段 972 83.4 12.66 104.4 第7段 834 82.9 15.48 104.4 合计 6 627 542.5
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表 4 山西晋城矿区寺河矿煤层水平井各段压裂工程数据
Table 4 Engineering data of fracturing in each interval of coal seam horizontal well in Sihe mine, Jincheng mining area, Shanxi Province
煤层段 实际量/m3 实际砂比
%施工排量
/(m3·min−1)液量 砂量 第1段 609.3 40.29 11.05 8.3~8.4 第2段 506.6 43.39 12.52 7.8~8.5 第3段 633.9 44.63 11.67 8.7 第4段 593.9 45.32 13.13 8.3 第5段 765.2 54.16 11.42 7.9~8.4 第6段 762.4 40.30 10.34 8.5 第7段 822.5 44.78 10.25 8.2~8.6 第8段 797.6 54.22 12.19 8.1
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