Abstract: Geological guarantee is the indispensable basis for the safe, efficient and green mining of coal mine. The primary objective of this paper is to present a detailed review of the construction progress of China’s geological guarantee system over the past three decades, covering the key aspects of its intention, basic theoretical research, and technological and equipment development. The statement outlines five complex technical problems faced by the geological guarantee system in the context of green and intelligent mining, which include the low level of intelligence in geological information collection and interpretation, the need to improve advance prediction reliability based on low exploration accuracy and low comprehensive research degree of static geological conditions, the challenge of using a single real-time online monitoring method for dynamic geological information and the lack of technical standards for disaster response evaluation, the low technical level of geological information management and multi-source heterogeneous information fusion, and the inadequacy of 3D geological modelling for achieving the required level of geological transparency in intelligent mining. The paper identifies the crucial areas in which the geological guarantee system of a coal mine must be studied to achieve accurate geological prediction and mine geological transparency in the future, highlighting the need for breakthroughs in fine geological exploration and accurate geological representation. The crucial areas are listed as follows: (1) The applied basic research of mine geophysical exploration should be strengthened constantly aiming at the establishment of the multi-parameter response template for the full-space geophysical field with mine geological characteristics; (2) Demonstration research should be conducted for the pilot of low-altitude unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and intelligent robot for data collection in geological exploration and monitoring. (3) Study on the occurrence and distribution law of mine geological body and the deformation of overburden rock in the mining-affected area should be strengthened, to seek the method for precisely distinguishing the “geological anomaly” and to research on the theory and method of quantitative description and zoned comprehensive prediction and evaluation of intelligent mining geological conditions based on mine geology and engineering characteristics. (4) The transferring format and specifications for database construction of multi-source and multi-dimension heterogeneous geological data volume, as well as the quantitative evaluation method of geological transparency of working face, should be studied to develop the fusion-sharing and 3D visualization technology of multi-source heterogeneous geological information, and the integrated modeling and automatic updating technology of 3D geological geometry-attributes based on geological big data. At the same time, the training mode of hierarchical talents was put forward.