Abstract: The treatment and resourceful utilization of mine water is an important thrust to achieve the dual goals of high-quality development of coal industry and ecological civilization construction in mining area. The decision to effectively treat and use mine water as an unconventional water resource will inevitably be made in the future due to the restrictions of a global water resource deficit and ecological environment protection. From the standpoint of the quality features of mine water in various mining sites, the formation mechanism and evaluation techniques of mine water quality were completely detailed here. Meanwhile, there were two stages in the establishment of mine water quality: water-rock interaction in aquifer and water-rock interaction in goaf. Additionally, systematically examined domestic and foreign characteristics of treatment systems for mine water containing suspended solids, highly mineralized mine water, acidic mine water and mine water containing special components. The new technologies for efficient cyclone purification of mine water including suspended solids, bipolar membrane and membrane distillation treatment of high-mineralized mine water, and built wetland treatment of acidic mine water were all vehemently discussed. The means of resourceful usage of mine water at home and abroad, including industrial production water, ecological water utilization, domestic water and heat energy utilization, were based on the summary of the current situation of mine water resource utilization at home and abroad. Finally, the problems and scientific considerations of mine water treatment and resource utilization in China’s coal mining areas are put forward, and concept of mine water treatment and resource utilization is established. Moreover, the technological research and development for treatment and resourceful utilization of mine water was promoted constantly to improve the comprehensive utilization rate of mine water resource, so as to solve the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources in coal mining area and realize the coordinated development of social and economic growth, exploitation of coal resource and ecological civilization construction of mining area.