Key problems and countermeasures of CBM development through surface boreholes in abandoned coal mines of Shanxi Province
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摘要: 随着我国煤炭去产能政策的有力实施，一批资源枯竭及产能落后矿井将陆续关停废弃。废弃矿井仍赋存着大量的煤层气资源，其开发利用是实现煤炭产业清洁安全高效低碳发展、促进煤矿安全生产、优化能源结构、实现温室气体减排等方面的重要举措。基于山西省煤基重点科技攻关(煤层气产业链)项目相关研究，系统阐述了废弃矿井煤层气开发面临着资源量评价不准、钻进体系不健全、井上下联合缺失等关键问题。针对这些问题提出以下几点对策：废弃矿井精准地质探测是采空区地面钻井轨迹设计的重要依据，尤其是炮采等落后采煤工艺的废弃矿井，地球物理勘探精度应达到米级才能有效降低钻遇煤柱风险；优选废弃矿井煤层气地面“L”型钻井思路，即选采空区周边一定距离的保安煤柱作为L型井位，并配套特殊钻进工艺；煤矿企业应将废弃矿井资源开发利用纳入煤矿全生命周期规划，尤其是矿井废弃前应确保煤层气抽采通道畅通，以实现煤层气井“一井多用”的新型井上下联合开采模式，提高废弃矿井煤层气开发效率；采用防回火、各种传感器等装置，并对关键参数设置自动报警停机界限值，从而使废弃矿井煤层气地面开采工艺安全、高效；对不同浓度废弃矿井煤层气，需要采取相应的梯级利用模式，从而提高整体开发利用价值。以山西省废弃矿井为示范区，研究认识对推动全国煤矿区废弃矿井煤层气开发利用具有重要的指导和示范意义。Abstract: With the effective implementation of China's coal capacity reduction policy, a number of resource-depleted and under-developed mines will be abandoned. The plenty of coalbed methane resources still existing in abandoned mines, could be developed and utilized to realize clean, safe, efficient and low-carbon development of coal industry, promote safe production of coal mines, optimize energy structure, and achieve greenhouse gas emission reduction. Based on the relevant research of Shanxi Province Coal-based Key Science and Technology Targeting Project(Coalbed Methane Industry Chain), the author systematically expounds the key problems faced by coalbed methane development in abandoned coal mines, such as inaccurate resource evaluation, unsound drilling system, lack of surface and underground co-extraction, etc. In view of these problems, the following countermeasures are proposed: Accurate geological exploration of abandoned mines is an important basis for the design of surface drilling trajectory in goaf, especially for abandoned mines with backward coal mining technology such as blasting mining. In order to effectively reduce the risk of drilling into coal pillars, the precision of geophysical exploration should reach meter level. "L" –shaped coalbed methane surface boreholes are the best choice in abandoned mines, that is, selecting a certain distance of safe coal pillar around the goaf as the location of L-shaped boreholes and supporting special drilling technology. Coal mining enterprises should consider the development and utilization of abandoned mine resources during the whole life cycle planning of coal mines in advance, especially ensure the unblocked CBM pumping channels before the mine is abandoned, so as to realize the new combined mining mode of "one borehole for multi-purpose" of CBM boreholes and improve the CBM development efficiency of abandoned mines. Adopt backfire prevention device, various sensors and other devices, and set automatic alarm halt limit value for key parameters, so that coalbed methane surface extraction process in abandoned mine is safe and efficient; In order to improve the overall development and utilization value, it is necessary to adopt the corresponding cascading utilization mode for coalbed methane with different concentration in abandoned mines. Taking the abandoned mines in Shanxi Province as a demonstration area, the research and understanding has important guiding and demonstrative significance for promoting the development and utilization of coalbed methane in abandoned mines in the coal mining areas of China.
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图 1 德国煤矿采空区预留管道
注：右图中1—10为预留的管道或阀门。
Fig. 1 Reserved pipeline in a coal mine goaf in Germany
图 3 山西省部分矿区煤层气梯级利用
Fig. 3 Cascade utilization of coalbed methane in some mining areas of Shanxi Province
图 4 晋城矿区某采空区井提纯系统
Fig. 4 A purification system for methane from a goaf in Jincheng mining area
图 5 晋城矿区某泵站直燃系统
Fig. 5 Direct combustion system for a pumping station in Jincheng Mining Area
图 6 山西省某矿区蓄热氧化系统
Fig. 6 Regenerative thermal oxidizer in a mining area of Shanxi Province
表 1 山西省7个矿区煤炭采空区煤层气资源量统计
Table 1 Statistics of coalbed methane resources in goafs of seven mining areas in Shanxi Province
矿区 煤组 总矿数 实际数据 推断数据 采空区煤层气量/
亿m3矿数 矿区面积/
km2采空区面积/km2 采空区占比/% 采空区煤层气量/亿m3 资源丰度/
(亿m3·km–2)矿区面积/
km2采空区面积/km2 采空区煤层气量/亿m3 西山 上组煤 32 17 497.40 114.61 23 30.04 0.26 93.49 21.54 5.65 35.69 下组煤 33 17 523.28 39.05 7 17.36 0.44 105.32 7.86 3.49 20.85 武夏 上组煤 34 15 142.37 37.29 26 8.81 0.24 112.59 29.49 6.97 15.78 下组煤 31 4 115.45 5.34 5 2.01 0.38 70.44 3.26 1.23 3.24 潞安 上组煤 22 12 466.75 93.93 2 15.50 0.17 121.35 24.42 4.03 19.53 下组煤 20 13 390.78 0.53 0 0.12 0.23 70.14 0.10 0.02 0.14 离柳 上组煤 51 30 390.91 52.09 13 28.93 0.56 141.91 18.91 10.5 39.43 下组煤 54 30 382.72 4.25 1 1.31 0.31 149.87 1.66 0.51 1.82 霍东 上组煤 38 17 198.90 31.55 16 3.94 0.12 125.01 19.83 2.48 6.42 下组煤 25 14 111.09 0.56 1 0.20 0.36 44.40 0.22 0.08 0.28 阳泉北 上组煤 39 23 489.28 101.86 21 19.24 0.19 77.06 16.04 3.03 22.27 下组煤 31 20 429.73 36.13 8 39.64 1.10 65.30 5.49 6.02 45.66 阳泉南 下组煤 47 27 352.13 29.93 8 24.56 0.82 69.33 5.89 4.84 29.4 晋城 上组煤 71 45 681.81 129.06 19 48.43 0.38 211.42 40.02 15.02 63.45 下组煤 57 41 523.60 0 0 0 — 126.65 0 0 0 合计 — 585 325 5 696.20 676.18 — 240.09 — 1 584.28 194.74 63.86 303.95 
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